REVIEW
Efficacy and safety of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies in episodic and chronic migraine prevention: A narrative review
Zuzanna Irzyk, Dominika Ruszel, Emilia Goc, Julia Rogała, Katarzyna Markuszka, Kinga Polityńska, Klaudia Samuła, Martyna Sarzyńska, Mateusz Szabat, Sylwia Lepak
Migraine is a common neurological disorder associated with substantial disability. Advances in understanding its pathophysiology have led to the development of therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e141ms3874
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Ketamine and esketamine for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review of published studies
Julia Rogała, Kinga Polityńska, Dominika Ruszel, Martyna Sarzyńska, Klaudia Samuła, Emilia Goc, Katarzyna Markuszka, Sylwia Lepak, Zuzanna Irzyk, Mateusz Szabat
Treatment-resistant depression occurs in roughly one-third of individuals diagnosed with depression. Ketamine and esketamine have appeared as innovative antidepressant treatments that target the glutamatergic system
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e142ms3863
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Mechanisms, risk factors and management of cardiovascular adverse effects of antidepressants and antipsychotics - a literature review
Przemysław Paduch, Lena Apanowicz, Patrycja Białowąs, Zofia Bułka, Klaudia Czech, Klaudia Gogól-Fijał, Klaudia Kapelka, Dawid Kłos, Duszan Leja, Stanisław Malik, Joanna Mazur, Zuzanna Michalik, Kaja Zdrojewska
Mental disorders represent a major burden to public health worldwide, while cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among patients with these mental disorders
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e143ms3928
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Artificial intelligence in bone age assessment for orthodontic treatment planning: a review of current evidence
Erwin Górski, Amelia Sobanek, Filip Szewczyk, Jakub Deptuch, Weronika Kubiak, Aleksandra Wyciślok, Justyna Koziarska, Aleksandra Pietrzyk, Zuzanna Szczerba
Background: The accurate timing of orthodontic intervention depends primarily on assessment of a patient's residual growth potential. Conventional diagnostic approaches, such as cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) analysis
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e144ms3943
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Optimizing Exercise in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Comparison of Aerobic, Resistance, Flexibility, and Lifestyle Approaches
Julia Dzięcioł, Julia Sawicka, Szymon Chmiela, Paulina Kisielewska, Kinga Dzioba, Zuzanna Banaś, Weronika Dmoch, Gabriela Kamińska, Natalia Bołtralik
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, pain, fatigue, and reduced joint function. While pharmacotherapy is essential, growing evidence supports exercise as an adjunct therapy
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e145ms3837
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Advances in Anti-VEGF Therapy for the Treatment of Neovascular Age- Related Macular Degeneration
Agnieszka Kowalska
The current standard of care for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) heavily depends on anti-VEGF agents. Maintaining early visual gains, however, is a clinical struggle
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e146ms3913
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The Impact of High-Intensity Training on TMJ and Occlusal Disorders: A Literature Review
Jakub Deptuch, Amelia Sobanek, Erwin Górski, Filip Szewczyk, Aleksandra Wyciślok, Weronika Kubiak, Zuzanna Szczerba, Justyna Koziarska
To enhance their performance, athletes often clench their jaws forcefully. In the short term, this intense physical strain is beneficial for biomechanics, but it is extremely harmful to dental health
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e147ms3936
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Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in obesity treatment: efficacy, safety and clinical implications
Sylwia Lepak, Zuzanna Irzyk, Dominika Ruszel, Emilia Goc, Julia Rogała, Katarzyna Markuszka, Kinga Polityńska, Klaudia Samuła, Martyna Sarzyńska, Mateusz Szabat
Background: Obesity is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality nowadays, with prevalence tripling since the 1970s. Lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone of treatment
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e148ms3856
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The Impact of Bruxism on Orthodontic Treatment: A Literature Review
Erwin Górski, Amelia Sobanek, Filip Szewczyk, Jakub Deptuch, Stanisław Janczarski, Aleksandra Pietrzyk
Dentists now utilize clear aligners and adjunctive therapies, such as botulinum toxin, to treat heavy occlusal forces during orthodontic treatment. There is some evidence suggesting that applying light, continuous forces
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e149ms3944
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Digital Revolution in Bruxism Diagnosis: From Traditional Clinical Assessment to Wearables and Artificial Intelligence: A Literature Review
Stanisław Janczarski, Amelia Sobanek, Erwin Górski, Jakub Deptuch, Filip Szewczyk, Aleksandra Pietrzyk
There is some evidence that contemporary digital technology and wearable sensor systems could be used for the objective evaluation of masticatory muscle functions in people with bruxism
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e150ms3946
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Incretin-based pharmacotherapy in the obesity phenotype of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction - Pathophysiology and clinical evidence
Tomaszek Barbara, Łoś Aleksandra, Blok Aleksandra, Jakubczyk Inga, Szkodziński Kacper, Wiater Dominik, Płodzień Gabriela, Pempuś Wiktoria, Maternia Jagoda, Majowicz-Czaszyńska Karolina, Król Nikola
Introduction: The most common form of heart failure encountered in clinical practice is heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). It usually affects patients who are overweight.
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e151ms3920
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Mouthguard Materials and Design Types: Narrative Review of Their Effectiveness in Sport-Related Dental Trauma Prevention
Zuzanna Szczerba, Filip Szewczyk, Amelia Sobanek, Erwin Górski, Jakub Deptuch, Aleksandra Wyciślok, Weronika Kubiak, Justyna Koziarska
Dental and/or orofacial trauma is a common problem in the lives of athletes, especially in contact sports. The purpose of this review is to compare and present different materials and types of mouthguards
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e152ms3935
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Bioceramic Materials and Guided Endodontics: A Breakthrough in Managing Complex Endodontic Cases - A Literature Review
Stanisław Janczarski, Katarzyna Cybulska, Julia Banaszczyk, Erwin Górski, Jakub Papierz, Gabriela Królczyk, Aleksandra Pietrzyk, Mikołaj Cezary Krajewski
This article is centered around the advancements in contemporary endodontic therapy that aim at introducing tissue preservation with the aid of computer-aided planning and bioresponsive substances
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e153ms3950
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Management of status epilepticus: Treatment strategies and barriers to implementation
Kacper Kulik, Martyna Saleh, Jakub Tomczyszyn, Patrycja Pogorzelska, Paulina Żuk
Background: Status epilepticus is considered a life-threatening condition that requires immediate treatment. Although internationally structured pharmacological treatment algorithms exist
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e154ms3954
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Comparison of Quadriceps Tendon, Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone, and Hamstring Tendon Autografts in Primary ACL Reconstruction: A Review of Biomechanics, Efficacy, and Donor-Site Morbidity
Daniel Aduku, Adam Wojtynek, Erwin Górski, Stanisław Janczarski
Tearing the ACL is a major setback for athletes, especially those in pivoting sports like skiing and football. For years, surgeons relied almost entirely on BPTB and hamstring grafts.
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e155ms3947
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The Role of Rotary and Reciprocating Systems in Primary Molar Pulpectomy: A Literature Review
Gabriela Królczyk, Stanisław Janczarski, Jakub Papierz, Erwin Górski, Julia Banaszczyk, Katarzyna Cybulska, Aleksandra Pietrzyk, Mikołaj Cezary Krajewski
Pediatric dentists have begun to use NiTi motorized instruments to address the difficulties of manually instrumenting root canals in primary teeth. Increasing research shows that mechanized canal preparation reduces treatment time
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e156ms3949
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Role of Exercise in Parkinson’s Disease - A Review of the Literature
Jędrzej Mogilany, Karolina Górowska, Patrycja Anita Kobrzyńska, Aleksandra Korżel, Julia Niedźwiecka, Gabriela Ragan, Ewelina Wojna, Kamil Źródłowski, Zuzanna Mogilany
Parkinson’s disease (PD) progressively affects movement, with gait disturbance and impaired balance often becoming major reasons for loss of independence. Dopaminergic therapy can improve tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e157ms3813
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Types of pharmacological sedation for uncooperative patients in pediatric dentistry - narrative review
Aleksandra Wyciślok, Katarzyna Waśkowska, Zuzanna Małek, Olgierd Czapiński, Weronika Kubiak, Julia Kalsztein, Marta Kwiatkowska, Piotr Wysocki, Sonia Krzykawska
Background: Dental fear is, and has been for centuries, a great problem when it comes to treating patients, especially pediatric patients. When non-pharmacological techniques are insufficient, the use of pharmacological sedation becomes necessary
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e158ms3955
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Next-Generation Periodontal Regeneration: Bridging Biologically Driven Therapies and Tissue Engineering – A Literature Review
Katarzyna Cybulska, Stanisław Janczarski, Julia Banaszczyk, Erwin Górski, Jakub Papierz, Gabriela Królczyk, Aleksandra Pietrzyk, Mikołaj Cezary Krajewski
The article presents the clinical transformation of periodontal regeneration therapy. It offers a unique view on the movement from mechanical methods to cellular signaling and custom three-dimensional tissue engineering techniques.
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e159ms3957
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Digital Support for Psychological Preparation of Children for Dental Treatment: A Literature Review
Gabriela Królczyk, Stanisław Janczarski, Jakub Papierz, Erwin Górski, Julia Banaszczyk, Katarzyna Cybulska, Aleksandra Pietrzyk, Mikołaj Cezary Krajewski
Dental anxiety in children is still a major clinical concern, frequently causing treatment avoidance, poor oral health, and uncooperative behavior in the dental office.
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e160ms3961
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The Interplay Between Vitamin D Status and Oral Lichen Planus: A Literature Review of Nutrient Deficiency, Treatment Potential and Psychosomatic Influences
Amelia Sobanek, Filip Szewczyk, Erwin Górski, Jakub Deptuch, Aleksandra Wyciślok, Weronika Kubiak, Zuzanna Szczerba, Justyna Koziarska
Introduction: This review evaluates the complex interplay between oral lichen planus - a chronic T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease - and the significant roles that vitamin D status and psychosomatic factors play in its clinical pathogenesis
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e161ms3907
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Creatine - is it really a great supplement? - Literature review
Gabriela Krych, Aleksandra Rusak-Sobolewska
Creatine is the most popular supplement worldwide. It is promoted for benefits ranging from muscle growth and performance to cognitive enhancement and weight management.
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e162ms3963
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Indications and Contraindications for Pulp Revitalization in Mature Permanent Teeth: A Literature Review
Filip Szewczyk, Amelia Sobanek, Erwin Górski, Jakub Deptuch, Aleksandra Wyciślok, Weronika Kubiak, Zuzanna Szczerba, Justyna Koziarska
Evidence suggests that modified disinfection and mechanical enlargement of the apical foramen can facilitate pulp-like tissue ingrowth even in teeth with fully formed roots.
Medical Science, 2026, 30, e163ms3908
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Inflammatory Cytokines in Saliva as Biomarkers of Periodontal Disease
Natalia Kruk, Szymon Uszak, Julia Rojek, Patrycja Jędrzejewska, Julia Hofmann, Izabela Ślusarczyk, Wojciech Szlajss, Daria Wieczorek, Jan Olszewski, Adrianna Chachuła
Periodontal disease is just prevalent chronic inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth, with well-established associations with systemic health outcomes
