Volume 30, Issue 171, May 2026 (Forthcoming Issue)

About the Cover

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway and intermittent hypoxia. These are associated with substantial cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive implications. CPAP remains the standard of care, yet many patients cannot tolerate CPAP, further supporting interest in surgical options. This review summarizes the existing literature on surgical options for OSA, encompassing management of the nose, soft palate, tongue base, craniofacial skeleton, and neuromodulation. We emphasize the importance of diagnostic tools, including polysomnography and drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), to ensure that specific patients are selected for surgical treatment. Present evidence indicates that surgical outcomes are not uniform, although multilevel surgery combined with hypoglossal nerve stimulation is the most consistently effective. Surgical treatment is no longer a generic option in the management of OSA, and future advances will probably develop further hybrid and minimally invasive strategies.

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REVIEW

Diagnosis and treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea - A review of surgical methods

Maciej Świerczyna, Maja Kondratowicz, Kamila Kałamarz, Kinga Żmuda, Aleksandra Figzał, Maja Czerniachowska, Marcin Kaniewski, Martyna Wojnowska, Wiktoria Polkowska, Michał Grabek

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway and intermittent hypoxia. These are associated with substantial cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive implications.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e80ms3824

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Urolithiasis in pregnancy – diagnostic management and proper treatment. A literature review

Gabriela Krych, Bartłomiej Kazimierski, Aleksandra Rusak, Joanna Oklińska, Michał Skóra, Klaudia Jadczak, Weronika Gniado, Dawid Mądry

Out of every 200 to 2000 pregnancies, 1 will have urolithiasis or urinary tract stones, mak-ing urolithiasis one of the leading causes of non-pregnancy-related hospitalizations among pregnant women

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e81ms3869

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Vortioxetine - a new antidepressant drug with multimodal action – Review of recent studies

Gabriela Krych, Michał Skóra, Bartłomiej Kazimierski, Aleksandra Rusak, Joan-na Oklińska, Klaudia Jadczak, Weronika Gniado, Dawid Mądry

Vortioxetine is among the new antidepressant drugs. Unlike traditional antidepressants that focus on a single mechanism of action, it is a multimodal drug that improves cognitive function and has antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e82ms3873

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Cytolytic vaginosis - diagnostics and treatment

Karolina Dudek, Jan Błażukiewicz, Patrycja Wójcikiewicz, Natalia Gierulska, Gabriela Zakrzewska, Maria Materek, Damian Wach, Bartosz Dudek, Rafał Tarkowski, Krzysztof Kułak

Cytolytic vaginitis (CV) is a vaginal inflammation that is difficult to diagnose. Due to overlapping clinical symptoms, it is similar to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) or bacterial vaginosis (BV).

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e83ms3825

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Efficacy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Pregnancy: A Systematic Review

Brygida Tucka, Jakub Szyszkowski, Izabella Zawadzka, Natalia Kriese, Bartłomiej Kowalski, Zuzanna Zgrzywa, Ewelina Komorowska, Paulina Wądołowska, Jakub Jaworski, Tomasz Kucharski

High levels of blood glucose during pregnancy cause complications such as macrosomia and neonatal health problems. Intermittent finger-prick tests and HbA1c levels are usually ineffective at detecting sudden changes and glycemia spikes

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e84ms3841

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Erratum

Erratum: The Patterns and Determinants of wet cupping use among patients complaining of pain who attended Hijama clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah city

Ezzuddin A Okmi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Soad K Al Jaouni

Erratum: The Patterns and Determinants of wet cupping use among patients complaining of pain who attended Hijama clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah city

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e85ms102a2

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REVIEW

Impact of energy drink consumption on sleep quality among university students: A systematic review

Jakub Szyszkowski, Izabella Zawadzka, Natalia Kriese, Bartłomiej Kowalski, Zuzanna Zgrzywa, Ewelina Komorowska, Brygida Tucka, Paulina Wądołowska, Jakub Jaworski, Tomasz Kucharski

University life puts enormous pressure on students, which means they have to constantly compromise on their studies over healthy sleep. To push through the resulting exhaustion and keep their focus sharp, many turn to energy drink

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e86ms3871

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From Algorithms to Patient Care: Artificial Intelligence in Neurological Rehabilitation – A Review

Maja Kondratowicz, Aleksandra Figzał, Kamila Kałamarz, Kinga Żmuda, Maciej Świerczyna, Maja Czerniachowska, Marcin Kaniewski, Martyna Wojnowska, Wiktoria Polkowska, Michał Grabek

Stroke, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis are neurological disorders that cause a lot of long-term disability and put a lot of strain on society and the economy. Rehabilitation is necessary for regaining functionality.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e87ms3833

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The role of physical activity in sanatorium-based rehabilitation and its impact on health in older adults

Martyna Stanik, Aleksandra Gronkiewicz, Anna Drużdżel, Dorota Szydłowska, Angelika Juszczyk, Ewa Bełc, Anna Koman, Zuzanna Janus, Martyna Kadłubańska

The global demographic shift towards population ageing has made something crystal clear. We need better ways to help older adults live independently and with a decent quality of life.

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e88ms3855

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The Impact of the Ketogenic Diet on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Current Literature

Adam Brożyna, Agnieszka Mackiewicz, Aleksandra Pietrucień, Natalia Kursa, Katarzyna Bielak, Krystian Woźniak, Julia Witkowska, Ksenia Jakubiak, Mikołaj Kurczyński, Monika Krasoń

With type 2 diabetes (T2DM) becoming a global crisis, there is an urgent need for better ways to manage the disease through nutrition. While standard low-fat diets have been the norm for years, the ketogenic diet (KD)

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e89ms3872

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The Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants in the Prevention and Supportive Treatment of Chronic Diseases – A Literature Review

Mateusz Łyko, Karolina Mularczyk, Jakub Kurasz, Paweł Siudziński, Wojciech Maj, Alicja Skoczylas, Wiktoria Tomaszewska, Wiktoria Podlasiewicz, Katarzyna Chrobok, Piotr Dudziak, Anna Nowak, Maria Goliańska, Filip Kasperczak

Background: Chronic diseases, which are long-lasting and slow to develop, pose a significant challenge to health systems worldwide. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species

Medical Science, 2026, 30, e90ms3854

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