Volume 29, Issue 164, October 2025 (Forthcoming Issue)

About the Cover

Chronic pain often goes unrecognized in neurodivergent patients. The issue especially affects populations with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Underdiagnosis probably stems from differences in the presentation of pain symptoms. Patients in these groups experience pain more frequently, for more extended periods, and with greater intensity than their neurotypical peers. For instance, what looks like irritability or withdrawal may in reality be suffering. Starting from childhood, neurodivergent individuals report more frequent pain episodes, and it continues throughout adolescence and adulthood, where multisite and axial pain becomes more common. This phenomenon likely arises from a combination of factors, including sensory hypersensitivity, neuroinflammation, and a general imbalance in the way the nervous system processes stimuli. Diagnostic overshadowing can also play an important role. Clinicians may mistakenly attribute physical symptoms to the main characteristics of autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The cost of missing these cases can be high. Unmanaged pain afflicts daily functioning, can worsen mental health, and deepen healthcare inequalities. There is some evidence suggesting that treating ADHD may help reduce chronic pain symptoms; however, this area remains underexplored.

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REVIEW

Chronic Pain in Neurodivergent Individuals: A Hidden Epidemic

Maciej Janowski, Marta Górska, Paweł Czyż, Jakub Górski, Antonina Strzałkowska

Chronic pain often goes unrecognized in neurodivergent patients. The issue especially affects populations with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder).

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e198ms3690

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Diet as a non-pharmacological method of treating hypertension

Piotr Gadocha, Szymon Graczyk, Ksawery Adamiec, Przemysław Prokop, Zuzanna Wróbel, Jakub Sulima

Hypertension is a primary global health concern and a paramount risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. Similar to worldwide trends, this issue affects almost one-third of adults in Poland

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e199ms3663

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The impact of diabetic neuropathy on the function of the bladder and the urethral sphincter

Justyna Gręda, Bartosz Zieliński, Karol Mateusz Wojnarowski

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy, its autonomic forms, is a common complication of longstanding diabetes mellitus. It has profound impacts on lower urinary tract function, affecting both the bladder and the urethral sphincter

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e200ms3691

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Hiccup as a side effect of epidural injection: A literature review

Maciej Trzciński, Marta Urszula Marciniak, Marta Tortyna, Natalia Sioch, Julia Krotofil, Paula Szarek, Kamil Nieczaj, Olga Samsel, Julia Sztubińska, Julia Urbańska, Danuta Borowska

Epidural injections are invasive procedures for pain management, perioperative anesthesia, and labour analgesia. These procedures are generally safe with minor side effects such as hiccups

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e201ms3664

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Efficacy and Safety of Polyhexanide (PHMB)-Based Irrigation Solutions for Catheter Flushing in the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: A Literature Review

Kamil Nieczaj, Marta Tortyna, Marta Urszula Marciniak, Danuta Borowska, Julia Urbańska, Paula Szarek, Olga Samsel, Natalia Sioch, Julia Krotofil, Maciej Trzciński, Julia Sztubińska

Introduction: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common in patients with long-term catheterization, mainly due to biofilm formation on the catheter surface.

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e202ms3626

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CASE REPORT

A rapidly progressive case of Fournier’s gangrene in a young male following a trivial injury to the groin area

Agnieszka Witowska, Żanna Gawrysz, Stanisław Derewjanko

Fournier's gangrene is a rapidly progressing and insidious necrotizing infection of the fascia and soft tissues, characterized by its infrequent occurrence and very high mortality rate. It affects men significantly more often

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e203ms3661

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REVIEW

Comprehensive management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with comorbidity in children and adolescents: pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies

Paweł Czyż, Marta Górska, Jakub Górski, Maciej Janowski, Antonina Strzałkowska

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a reasonably common developmental disorder that affects neurodevelopment. It often occurs alongside other psychiatric and transitional conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and oppositional disorder

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e204ms3696

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The Joint Impact of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour on Mortality and Health-Related Outcomes in Cancer Survivors: A Literature Review

Martyna Zwierzchowska, Joanna Karina Banaśkiewicz, Natalia Katarzyna Wagner-Bieleń, Gabriela Helena Dąbrowska, Agata Antoniak, Anna Maria Jocz, Anna Centkowska, Aleksandra Maria Żyta, Maria Anna Żmijewska, Jakub Ziółkowski, Darya Lazitskaya

With the growing number of cancer survivors worldwide, it has become increasingly important to create non-pharmacological approaches that support long-term health and promote better survival outcomes

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e205ms3659

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Advancements in Uterine Fibroid Management: Current Trends and Future Directions

Marta Górska, Maciej Janowski, Jakub Górski, Paweł Czyż, Antonina Strzałkowska

Uterine fibroids can disrupt daily life. Some women have heavy periods more than expected, and others feel constant lower abdominal pain. Many also face frustration when trying to conceive

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e206ms3695

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