Volume 29, Issue 163, September 2025

Advances in Neuroregeneration and Multimodal Therapeutic Approaches for Post-Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathy Following Maxillofacial Fractures: A Comprehensive Review

Jakub Górski^1♦, Marta Górska², Maciej Janowski², Paweł Czyż³, Antonina Strzałkowska²

¹Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
²Central Teaching Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
³Szpital Miejski im. Św. Wincentego a Paulo w Gdyni, ul. Wójta Radtkego 18 Gdynia, Poland

^♦Corresponding author
Jakub Górski, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland

ABSTRACT

Craniofacial fractures can result in a complication known as Post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PTTN). The symptoms associated with this condition include neuropathic pain and sensory loss. The treatment of PTTN has been dominated by microsurgical interventions and pharmacotherapy. However, these methods are characterized by relatively low effectiveness and rarely restore complete sensation or pain relief. PTTN is related to two distinct pathologies, which are structural nerve damage and aberrant pain processing within the central nervous system. Mesenchymal stem cell therapies enhence healing processes by stimulating axonal growth, remyelination, and inflammation reduction. Biomaterial nerve conductors not only provide structural support, but they also deliver of growth factors and cells, which influence on nerve repair optimalisation. Physical modalities (e.g., low-energy laser therapy) have been demonstrated to accelerate regeneration and reduce inflammation. Neuromodulatory techniques are also crucial in treating refractory neuropathic pain, as they act on central pain pathways. Approaches such as peripheral nerve stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and percutaneous trigeminal nerve stimulation improve quality of life (when medication alone is insufficient). The future of PTTN treatment lies in a multimodal approach combining early surgery with neuromodulation therapies. These complex strategies aim to achieve nerve reconstruction, lasting pain relief, and full reintegration into daily life after facial trauma.

Keywords: Trigeminal Neuropathy, Trauma, Maxillofacial Surgery, Neuroregeneration

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e193ms3689

PDF

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v29i163.e193ms3689

Published: 29 September 2025