Volume 29, Issue 161, July 2025

The impact of health-promoting behaviors on cardiovascular diseases - a review of the literature

Justyna Kopala^1♦, Błażej Gajęcki², Weronika Kotnis³, Jan Siemianowski⁴, Sandra Prolejko⁵, Tomasz Kucharski⁶, Weronika Buczek⁷, Greta Steć⁸, Agata Brzyska⁹, Magdalena Pawlak¹⁰

¹University Clinical Hospital No.2 of the Medical University of Lodz, Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Łódź, Poland;
²Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
³Medical University of Lodz, Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
⁴Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland:
⁵Medical University of Lodz, Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
⁶Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
⁷Pope John Paul II Independent Public Hospital in Zamość Poland;
⁸Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
⁹Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
¹⁰Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;

^♦Corresponding author
Justyna Kopala; University Clinical Hospital No.2 of the Medical University of Lodz, Żeromskiego 113, 90-549 Łódź, Poland

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Despite known risk factors, improved treatment,and advances in medical technology, the number of death from circulatory system causes remains very high. This paper reviews published articles and data indicating that factors such as a healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, adequate sleep, stress management, and effective control of concomitant diseases can contribute to reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and the associated risk of mortality. It shows that both primary and secondary prevention have a diametrically opposite impact on reducing cardiac incidents and deaths from cardiovascular events. It also emphasizes the importance of disseminating this information to the public.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease risk factors, mortality, prevention, stroke, myocardial infarction

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e119ms3607

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v29i161.e119ms3607

Published: 30 July 2025