Volume 29, Issue 155, January 2025

Male infertility - causes, diagnostics, and treatment options review

Szymon Bienia^1♦, Sara Hassan¹, Aisha Hassan², Kamil Hassan³, Klaudia Konieczna⁴, Wafa Al-Batool⁵, Izabela Zarecka⁵, Jakub Leicht², Aleksandra Kossakowska², Paweł Godlewski²

¹Medical University of Silesia, 18 Medyków Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
²Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
³Social Academy of Sciences in Łódź, Henryka Sienkiewicza 9, 90-113 Łódź, Poland
⁴Medical University of Silesia, Dr. Henryka Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
⁵Wroclaw Medical University, wyb. Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland

^♦Corresponding Author
Medical University of Silesia, 18 Medyków Street, 40-752 Katowice, Poland

ABSTRACT

Male infertility is a complicated problem that often poses a challenge to couples trying to conceive. Its causes may be very diverse and may result from genetic or environmental factors such as excess stress, obesity, and smoking. Moreover, infertility may be caused by structural changes or abnormalities in the functioning of the endocrine system. Biomarkers, genetic tests, and AI can all be used to improve semen analysis to help doctors make better evaluations and ensure that each patient gets the best care. This research talks about drug, surgery, and assisted reproductive technology treatments for male infertility problems. Medicines fix hormonal abnormalities and microelement deficiency. More invasive procedures such as TESA, PESA, TESE, and MESA can help with obstructive azoospermia. Doctors can cure structural problems with surgical techniques, such as varicocelectomy and vasovasostomy, including effect removal from past vasectomies. Men facing difficulties with conception can explore fertility options like in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine ultrasonic (IUI), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) when other family planning approaches fail. The medical background of the patient, the cause of their infertility, and their intended results define most of the degree of efficacy of the treatment. Further research is required to consider the ethical and social consequences and possible applications of artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine. A thorough, patient-centered approach helps couples trying to conceive and those dealing with male infertility benefit from therapy.

Keywords: Male infertility, hormonal imbalance, reproductive health, sperm retrieval techniques

Medical Science, 2025, 29, e4ms3481

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.54905/disssi.v29i155.e4ms3481

Published: 09 January 2025