Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a proven treatment for severe mental health
disorders, yet it remains misunderstood and stigmatized. This review explores
ECT's historical context, mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety to
address patient concerns and enhance primary care acceptance. ECT has evolved
significantly since its early 20th-century origins, now employing advanced
techniques that reduce cognitive and cardiac risks. The therapy works through
neurochemical and neurophysiological changes, including controlled seizures
that modulate neurotransmitter systems and neuroplasticity. ECT demonstrates
high efficacy in treatment-resistant depression, bipolar disorder, and
schizophrenia, with response rates for severe depression up to 90%. Recent FDA
reclassification of ECT devices to Class II highlights its safety. Dispelling
misconceptions about ECT is crucial for improving patient outcomes and
expanding access to this essential therapy in primary care settings.
Keywords: Electroconvulsive therapy, depression, primary care, treatment
resistant depression