Volume 25, Issue 116, October 2021

The modifiable and non‑modifiable risk factors of hypertension in the adult population of Kelantan: Structural equation modeling approach

Mohamad Arif Awang Nawi^1♦, Nor Farid Mohd Noor², Wan Mohd Nazlee Wan Zainon³, Muhamamd Amirul Mat Lazin¹

¹School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
²Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Medical Campus, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
³Family Medicine Specialist, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

^♦Corresponding author
School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Hypertension is a silent disease that can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, renal failure, and stroke if not treated early. This study is to elucidate a model of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension and this model could give a clearer picture regarding the relation of each risk factor towards hypertension based on the adult population in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methodology: Statistical analysis was performed by using AMOS software through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Unlike current methods that focus only on identifying direct associations between hypertension diseases but our method introduces the effects of multiple risk factors simultaneously in a single model involving modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Results: The risk factors listed below are considered to have a direct statistically significant effect on hypertension: age (0.122, p = 0.001), fibrinogen (0.091, p = 0.003), Body mass index (0.138, p = 0.001), Triglycerides (0.069, p = 0.028) and Diabetes status (0.133, p = 0.001). Family history of heart attack had no significant effect on hypertension in this study (0.016, p = 0.608). The final model demonstrated good model fit where GFI, AGFI, NFI, CFI and TLI value are 0.9 and above. Conclusion: The SEM analysis aids in a better understanding of hypertension risk factors and a higher level of confidence in controlling hypertensive patients' risk factors.

Keywords: Structural Equation Modelling, Hypertension, Modifiable and Non Modifiable Risk Factors

Medical Science, 2021, 25(116), 2602-2609

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